Evidence base

Studies on Creatine Monohydrate

Auto-loaded from PubMed — grouped by outcome. Each entry links to the original source.

53,702 studies total·Last updated: May 27, 2026Open on PubMed

Muscle strength · 5,793

Open on PubMed
  1. 01
    Creatine monohydrate for lean mass, strength, and bone density in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Naddafha S, Antonio J, Kreider RB et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2026SR
  2. 02
    Effects of acute HMB-FA supplementation on antioxidant status and muscle damage in Elite Judoka: a randomized pilot trial
    Tayebi SM, Mirzaei M, Stout JR · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2026RCT
  3. 03
    Effects of vitamin D(3) supplementation on cardiac, muscle, and immune responses after a marathon race: a single-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    Weng PW, Nanda JD, Chien YH et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2026
  4. 04
    The emerging and evolving evidence supporting creatine as an ergogenic aid: history and applications
    Kerksick C, Gonzalez D, Stout J et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2026
  5. 05
    A comprehensive review of the physiology and evidence base to guide the use of ergogenic and medical supplements for enhanced cycling performance
    Rowland A, Edwards S, Prieto-Bellver G et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2026
  6. 06
    Effect of dietary resveratrol on slow oxidative muscle fiber expression and energy metabolism in beef muscle via AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway
    Li J, Liang R, Mao Y et al. · Meat Sci · 2026
  7. 07
    Biochemical markers of muscle damage and recovery: Insights from exercise physiology and molecular biology
    Özdemir K, Demir Y · Tissue Cell · 2026
  8. 08
    Improving the Identification of Muscular Dystrophies From Their Mimickers Based on MRI Muscle Texture Features Combined With Clinical Biomarkers
    Niu X, Bing Q, Shi R et al. · NMR Biomed · 2026
  9. 09
    Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Associated With TRIM32 Variants: A National Cohort Study
    Guérémy A, Morel V, Stojkovic T et al. · Muscle Nerve · 2026
  10. 10
    Effects of high-load, velocity-intentional variable resistance training combined with creatine supplementation on neuroplasticity, oxidative stress, inflammation, physical function, cognitive performance and quality of life in older adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    Fernandez-Garrido J, Martin EG, Saez-Berlanga A et al. · Exp Gerontol · 2026RCT
  11. 11
    Effect of lairage time on stress in dromedary camels "Camelus dromedarius" from the El-Oued region (Algeria) and its impact on meat quality
    Sayah TM, Smili H, Hafid K et al. · Food Sci Technol Int · 2026
  12. 12
    Regulation of Satellite Cells and Myogenesis in Response to Eccentric Resistance Exercise in Hypoxic Conditions in Healthy Young Men
    van Doorslaer de Ten Ryen S, Warnier G, Antoine N et al. · FASEB J · 2026
  13. 13
    YAP Acts as a Negative Regulator of Mini Utrophin-Based Gene Therapy for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in Mdx Mice
    Li Z, Song Y · Int J Mol Sci · 2026
  14. 14
    Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of serum creatine kinase implicates myopathy genes and muscle pathways
    Chen G, Zhao SS, Chinoy H et al. · EBioMedicine · 2026Meta
  15. 15
    17β-Estradiol and progesterone have independent and combined effects on C2C12 myotubes following electrical pulse stimulation
    Wageh M, Kamal M, Parise G · Am J Physiol Cell Physiol · 2026
  16. 16
    Noninvasive Mapping of Creatine Kinase Metabolism in Human Muscle Using pH-Insensitive PCrCEST MRI at 3 and 5 T
    Chen X, Xu X, Bie C et al. · NMR Biomed · 2026
  17. 17
    Menstrual Cycle Influence on Post-exercise Recovery: Comparing the Efficacy of Dry and Ice Massage in Female Combat Sports Athletes
    Trybulski R, Smoter M, Vovkanych A et al. · J Strength Cond Res · 2026
  18. 18
    Independent effects of whey protein and alkali supplementation on muscle health in healthy older adults: factorial randomized controlled trial
    Ceglia L, Konieczynski E, Danico E et al. · Am J Clin Nutr · 2026RCT
  19. 19
    Ropivacaine-based Regional Anesthesia Exerts Muscle-protective Effects Despite Elevated Compartment Pressure in a Porcine Model of Acute Compartment Syndrome
    Fritsch G, Thaler P, Ferguson J et al. · Anesthesiology · 2026
  20. 20
    Muscle Recovery and Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis after Damaging Exercise with Recombinant Bovine β-Lactoglobulin, Dairy-Derived Whey or Carbohydrate Supplementation in Young Healthy Adults
    Rogers LM, Korzepa M, Belfield AE et al. · J Nutr · 2026RCT
  21. 21
    A Novel 9-Channel (1)H, 3-Channel (31)P Radiofrequency Coil for Interleaved Multinuclear Studies of Human Calf Muscle at 7 T
    Cap V, Rocha Dos Santos VR, Repnin K et al. · Magn Reson Med · 2026
  22. 22
    Proton MRI and MRSI as a Superior Methodology to Assess Oxidative Phosphorylation
    Armbruster RR, Kumar D, Wilson NE et al. · Acad Radiol · 2026
  23. 23
    The Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Muscle Performance in Volleyball and Football Players: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
    Qiu D, He J, Li B et al. · Sports Health · 2026Meta
  24. 24
    Effects of LC n-3 PUFA Supplementation on Muscle Pain, Function, and Damage Markers in Healthy Young to Middle-Aged Adults Following Acute or Chronic Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
    Yaghoobi E, Pashaei F, Allsopp GL et al. · Nutrients · 2026SR
  25. 25
    Enhancing Exercise Performance Under Hypoxia: A Network Meta-Analysis and Animal Experimental Validation of Plant Bioactive Compounds
    Ma H, Wang H, Pei Z et al. · Nutrients · 2026Meta

Cognition · 293

Open on PubMed
  1. 01
    Effects of high-load, velocity-intentional variable resistance training combined with creatine supplementation on neuroplasticity, oxidative stress, inflammation, physical function, cognitive performance and quality of life in older adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    Fernandez-Garrido J, Martin EG, Saez-Berlanga A et al. · Exp Gerontol · 2026RCT
  2. 02
    Creatine supplementation and cognitive aging: The challenge of crossing the blood-brain barrier
    Machado M · Nutr Health · 2026
  3. 03
    Single-Dose Creatine Reduces Sleep Deprivation-Induced Deterioration in Cognitive Performance
    Gordji-Nejad A, Matusch A, Hengstler L et al. · Nutrients · 2026RCT
  4. 04
    Hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic schizophrenia: prevalence, clinical correlates, and paradoxical associations with symptom severity
    Du J, Jiang R, Liu Y et al. · Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci · 2026
  5. 05
    Cognitive Impairment in Psychotic Disorders Is Associated with Brain Reductive Stress and Impaired Energy Metabolism as Measured by 31P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
    Chouinard VA, Du F, Chen X et al. · Schizophr Bull · 2026
  6. 06
    A mouse model of a patient derived P544L mutation in the Slc6a8 gene shows hypoactivity and cognitive deficits
    Perna MK, Gechijian LN, Blanchette HS et al. · Brain Res · 2026
  7. 07
    The Effects of 8-Week Creatine Hydrochloride and Creatine Ethyl Ester Supplementation on Cognition, Clinical Outcomes, and Brain Creatine Levels in Perimenopausal and Menopausal Women (CONCRET-MENOPA): A Randomized Controlled Trial
    Korovljev D, Ostojic J, Panic J et al. · J Am Nutr Assoc · 2026RCT
  8. 08
    Magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of cognitive impairment associated with cerebral small vessel disease
    Yu T, Jiang T, Wei R et al. · Brain Imaging Behav · 2026
  9. 09
    (1)H-MR spectroscopy biomarkers are associated with plasma-derived biomarkers of amyloid-β and tau in the early phase of AD continuum
    Kara F, Joers JM, Przybelski SA et al. · Neurobiol Aging · 2026
  10. 10
    Creatine and Cognition in Aging: A Systematic Review of Evidence in Older Adults
    Marshall S, Kitzan A, Wright J et al. · Nutr Rev · 2026SR
  11. 11
    The Emerging Role of L-Arginine and Creatine Supplementation Combined with Exercise on Hippocampal Neurogenesis, Spatial Learning, and Cognitive Flexibility in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases
    Zhang Y, Peng Y, Pu J · Mol Neurobiol · 2026
  12. 12
    Nootropic Supplements and Exercise: Patterns and Perceptions of Cognitive Enhancer Use in Physically Active Individuals
    Pastina JT, Stewart LK · J Diet Suppl · 2026
  13. 13
    Hippocampal 1H-MR spectroscopy metabolites are linked to CSF tau pathology in cognitively unimpaired older adults along the Alzheimer's continuum
    Lingad JN, Vanderlip CR, Wright S et al. · Neurobiol Aging · 2026
  14. 14
    Could dietary creatine intake modulate overweight elderly's selective attention and inhibitory function?
    Machado M, Masterson TD, Oliveira EF · Nutr Health · 2026
  15. 15
    The Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Cognitive and Neuromuscular Functions in Elderly Patients
    Zakaria MG, Saleh BT, Abdullah AH · Neurosignals · 2025
  16. 16
    Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Loading on Sleep Metrics, Physical Performance, Cognitive Function, and Recovery in Physically Active Men: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial
    Ben Maaoui K, Delleli S, Mahdi N et al. · Nutrients · 2025RCT
  17. 17
    Cerebral glutamate levels over two years in initially antipsychotic-naïve first-episode patients with psychosis are related to clinical symptoms and cognition
    Bojesen KB, Lemvigh CK, Sigvard AK et al. · Mol Psychiatry · 2025
  18. 18
    Creatine in women's health: bridging the gap from menstruation through pregnancy to menopause
    Smith-Ryan AE, DelBiondo GM, Brown AF et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025
  19. 19
    Combined metabolomics and proteomics analysis of vascular cognitive impairment in hypertensive rats induced by endothelial injury
    Zhang X, Chang S, Liu J et al. · PLoS One · 2025
  20. 20
    Creatine Supplementation for Cognition: A Critical Perspective on Promise, Proof, and Public Perception
    Eckert I · J Nutr · 2025
  21. 21
    Lycopene alleviates cognitive dysfunctions in an Alzheimer's disease rat model via suppressing the oxidative and neuroinflammatory signaling
    El-Kazaz SE, Hafez MH, Noreldin AE et al. · Tissue Cell · 2025
  22. 22
    Investigating the oxidative stress-vascular brain injury axis in mild cognitive impairment of the Alzheimer's type
    Detcheverry FE, Senthil S, Motue WLK et al. · Alzheimers Dement · 2025
  23. 23
    Acute creatine supplementation enhances technical performance in adolescent basketball players under cognitive-motor dual-task condition
    Wu J, Qiu P, Li Y · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025RCT
  24. 24
    Creatine monohydrate supplementation for older adults and clinical populations
    Candow DG, Ostojic SM, Chilibeck PD et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025
  25. 25
    Lifestyle-based interventions targeting neurocognition in bipolar disorders - a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
    Balanzá-Martínez V, Galdámez-Huertas A, Sánchez-Ortí JV et al. · Psychiatry Res · 2025SR

Longevity & aging · 760

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  1. 01
    Circulating Rhythmic Metabolites and Causal Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
    Joshi D, Rafiq T, Pigeyre M et al. · Diabetes Obes Metab · 2026
  2. 02
    Creatine supplementation and cognitive aging: The challenge of crossing the blood-brain barrier
    Machado M · Nutr Health · 2026
  3. 03
    Muscle mass, function and performance across the adult lifespan: the study of muscle, mobility and ageing
    Hetherington-Rauth M, McCulloch CE, Kritchevsky SB et al. · Age Ageing · 2026
  4. 04
    Magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a non-invasive tool for assessing brain and muscle adaptation to exercise training in older age: a scoping review into existing research
    Levin O, Just I, Klepochova R et al. · Exp Gerontol · 2026
  5. 05
    Age-dependent alterations of TRPA1 and urocortin 1 signaling in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
    Prókay AP, Konkoly J, Kormos V et al. · Sci Rep · 2026
  6. 06
    Peripheral blood mononuclear cell mitochondrial bioenergetics are related to vascular endothelial function in young and older adults
    Wolf ST, Bangle JF, Jennings WE et al. · Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol · 2026
  7. 07
    Creatine plus β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate supplementation is associated with preserved glutathione redox-balance and redox-function associations in older adults: a secondary analysis of a randomized crossover trial
    Ramos-Hernández R, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Fernández-Lázaro D et al. · Biogerontology · 2026RCT
  8. 08
    Creatine and Cognition in Aging: A Systematic Review of Evidence in Older Adults
    Marshall S, Kitzan A, Wright J et al. · Nutr Rev · 2026SR
  9. 09
    The Emerging Role of L-Arginine and Creatine Supplementation Combined with Exercise on Hippocampal Neurogenesis, Spatial Learning, and Cognitive Flexibility in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases
    Zhang Y, Peng Y, Pu J · Mol Neurobiol · 2026
  10. 10
    In Vivo Glx Measurements From GABA-Edited HERMES at 3 T Are Not Consistent With Those From Short-TE PRESS Across Scanners, Brain Regions, Diagnostic and Age Groups
    Thomson AR, Hollestein V, Goodwin A et al. · NMR Biomed · 2026
  11. 11
    Hippocampal 1H-MR spectroscopy metabolites are linked to CSF tau pathology in cognitively unimpaired older adults along the Alzheimer's continuum
    Lingad JN, Vanderlip CR, Wright S et al. · Neurobiol Aging · 2026
  12. 12
    Neurochemical changes in GABA+, Glx, and the excitatory/inhibitory ratio in the calcarine cortex with healthy aging
    Salsano I, Glesinger RJ, John JA et al. · Neuroimage · 2025
  13. 13
    Advancing Age Is Not Associated With Greater Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression
    Fernandes JFT, Wilson LJ, Dingley AF et al. · J Aging Phys Act · 2025SR
  14. 14
    Creatine monohydrate supplementation for older adults and clinical populations
    Candow DG, Ostojic SM, Chilibeck PD et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025
  15. 15
    Fenofibrate Differently Affects the Heart's Morphology and Metabolism in Young and Old Rats
    Wrońska A, Kieżun J, Kmieć Z · Int J Mol Sci · 2025
  16. 16
    The effect of age and sex on brain metabolites: from childhood to adulthood
    Ortuño M, Fortea A, Valli I et al. · Neuroimage · 2025
  17. 17
    Creatine and cellular senescence: from molecular pathways to populational health
    Ostojic SM, Prémusz V, Ács P · Exp Gerontol · 2025
  18. 18
    Age dependency of neurometabolite T(1) relaxation times
    Murali-Manohar S, Zöllner HJ, Hupfeld KE et al. · Magn Reson Med · 2025
  19. 19
    Does lower oxidative capacity influence the relative contributions of ATP-producing pathways during muscular work in aging?
    Smith ZH, Fitzgerald LF, Nagarajan R et al. · J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci · 2025
  20. 20
    Sarcopenia in Ageing and Chronic Illness: Trial Endpoints and Regulatory Issues
    von Haehling S, Langer HT, Heymsfield SB et al. · J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle · 2025
  21. 21
    Mitochondrial transplantation combined with mitoquinone and melatonin: A survival strategy against myocardial reperfusion injury in aged rats
    Mokhtari B, Delkhah M, Badalzadeh R et al. · Exp Physiol · 2025
  22. 22
    Age-Trajectories of Higher-Order Diffusion Properties of Major Brain Metabolites in Cerebral and Cerebellar Gray Matter Using In Vivo Diffusion-Weighted MR Spectroscopy at 3T
    Şimşek K, Gallea C, Genovese G et al. · Aging Cell · 2025
  23. 23
    Metformin-mediated protection against Immunosenescence in diabetic cardiomyopathy: The potential roles of GDF-15 and klotho proteins
    Almohaimeed GM, Alonazi AS, Alshammari TK et al. · Int Immunopharmacol · 2025
  24. 24
    Perspectives on Diet and Exercise Interaction for Healthy Aging: Opportunities to Reduce Malnutrition Risk and Optimize Fitness
    Moradell A, Casajús JA, Moreno LA et al. · Nutrients · 2025
  25. 25
    Hematological and biochemical characterization of aging farm male rat strains in the national center for geriatrics and gerontology
    Almunia JA, Munesue Y, Kawasaki H et al. · Exp Anim · 2025

Energy & endurance · 4,552

Open on PubMed
  1. 01
    Effects of vitamin D(3) supplementation on cardiac, muscle, and immune responses after a marathon race: a single-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    Weng PW, Nanda JD, Chien YH et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2026
  2. 02
    The emerging and evolving evidence supporting creatine as an ergogenic aid: history and applications
    Kerksick C, Gonzalez D, Stout J et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2026
  3. 03
    International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: effects of dietary antioxidants on exercise and sports performance
    Gonzalez DE, Dickerson BL, Roberts BM et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2026
  4. 04
    A comprehensive review of the physiology and evidence base to guide the use of ergogenic and medical supplements for enhanced cycling performance
    Rowland A, Edwards S, Prieto-Bellver G et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2026
  5. 05
    Effect of dietary resveratrol on slow oxidative muscle fiber expression and energy metabolism in beef muscle via AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway
    Li J, Liang R, Mao Y et al. · Meat Sci · 2026
  6. 06
    Melitidin alleviates escitalopram-induced sub-chronic cardiotoxicity via regulating mitochondrial fission-fusion machinery and redox signaling: A biochemical, echocardiographic, and histological study
    Wang Y, Ashfaq H, Alsaleem MA et al. · Tissue Cell · 2026
  7. 07
    Effects of pre-conditioning combined with innovative grilling processes on myofibrillar protein microstructure, volatilome shifting, and heterocyclic amine formation in duck meat
    Yan X, Li X, Shen J et al. · Food Res Int · 2026
  8. 08
    Electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta suppresses hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes
    Liu J · J Int Med Res · 2026
  9. 09
    Proton MRI and MRSI as a Superior Methodology to Assess Oxidative Phosphorylation
    Armbruster RR, Kumar D, Wilson NE et al. · Acad Radiol · 2026
  10. 10
    Untargeted metabolomics reveals serum metabolites related to energy metabolism and inflammation associated with juvenile dermatomyositis
    Kirkwood-Donelson KI, Johnson DJ, Farhadi PN et al. · Metabolomics · 2026
  11. 11
    Clinical Reasoning: A 67-Year-Old Man With Exercise Intolerance and Progressive Weakness
    Gosset A, Perez S, Thakral A et al. · Neurology · 2026
  12. 12
    Enhancing Exercise Performance Under Hypoxia: A Network Meta-Analysis and Animal Experimental Validation of Plant Bioactive Compounds
    Ma H, Wang H, Pei Z et al. · Nutrients · 2026Meta
  13. 13
    Preventive Effects of Probiotic Formula on Metabolic Stress Associated Physical Fatigue in Forced Swimming and LPS-Induced Mouse Models
    Song JG, Bae HJ, Lee DH et al. · J Microbiol Biotechnol · 2026
  14. 14
    The multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway mechanism of Kaixinsan in anti-fatigue: An integrated study based on serum pharmacochemistry, network pharmacology, and metabolomics
    Wang S, Han J, Xin Y et al. · Fitoterapia · 2026
  15. 15
    The skeletal muscle-adipose creatine metabolic axis: A novel paradigm for lipid metabolism reprogramming and obesity management
    Su Y, Liu N, Liu Y et al. · Exp Physiol · 2026
  16. 16
    Metabolic reprogramming of endothelial-related pathways in COVID-19 patients treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy: a randomized clinical trial
    Jermakow N, Brodaczewska K, Kot J et al. · Sci Rep · 2026RCT
  17. 17
    Comparative Effects of Dietary Protein, Creatine, and Omega-3 Supplementation on Muscle Strength, Endurance, and Recovery in Trained Athletes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
    Wang Z, Qin G, Kim BM · Nutrients · 2026SR
  18. 18
    Cognitive Impairment in Psychotic Disorders Is Associated with Brain Reductive Stress and Impaired Energy Metabolism as Measured by 31P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
    Chouinard VA, Du F, Chen X et al. · Schizophr Bull · 2026
  19. 19
    [Improvement and mechanism of Polygonati Rhizoma aqueous extract on exercise-induced fatigue mice]
    Mao JY, Guo JY, Zhong YY et al. · Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi · 2026
  20. 20
    Peripheral blood mononuclear cell mitochondrial bioenergetics are related to vascular endothelial function in young and older adults
    Wolf ST, Bangle JF, Jennings WE et al. · Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol · 2026
  21. 21
    Purinergic signaling and energetic metabolism in bipolar disorder: From pathophysiology to precision therapeutics
    Malewska-Kasprzak M, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Rybakowski F · Psychiatry Res · 2026
  22. 22
    Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator vericiguat alleviates skeletal muscle injury and exercise capacity decline in ApoE(-/-) mice by inhibiting oxidative stress and repairing mitophagy
    Li YL, Hu BA, Xiao P et al. · Biochem Pharmacol · 2026
  23. 23
    Wuwei Ganlu counters exercise-induced fatigue via mitochondrial reinforcement and redox-inflammatory modulation
    Tang C, Zhang S, Nima D et al. · J Ethnopharmacol · 2026
  24. 24
    A Novel CEST-Based Approach for Reliably Assessing Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Phosphorylation: OXCEST
    Burman R, Pang Y, Bag A et al. · Magn Reson Med · 2026
  25. 25
    Muscle metabolic responses to a 5v5 football game in trained female football players
    Randers MB, Panduro J, Ermidis G et al. · Eur J Appl Physiol · 2026